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Theoretically, there are only limitations when it comes to transporting the lights away. Luminaires up to a length of 2.70 m can be built without freight forwarding. Anything beyond that will be delivered by courier. Our standard lengths for luminaire inserts range from 108mm to 2008mm, depending on the LED series and area of ​​application. In addition, our extruded profiles are all supplied in 6100 mm, theoretically luminaire inserts up to 6 m in length are conceivable.

The reason for this is the optical material property "refractive index". This dimensionless physical quantity indicates by which factor the wavelength and the phase velocity of the light are smaller in a vacuum. The refractive index of air is commonly known as 1, the refractive index of polyurethane is ~1.41. If the light from the LED now passes from an optically thinner medium into an optically denser medium, each contained color of the white light is refracted differently because of the different refractive indices. The refraction of violet rays of light is the strongest, that of the red rays the weakest. This dispersion effect is responsible for the breakdown of white light into its spectral color components, which we observe as a color shift or Kelvin drift after the encapsulation of LEDs.

DALI = digitally addressable lighting interface. DALI is a protocol for digital communication between components of a lighting system. In installations, a DALI controller organizes and manages the flow of information and access of all components to the data line.

Since no fast processes have to be controlled in light management, slower data transmission, as with DALI, is absolutely sufficient and also helps to reduce the cost of the DALI components. Despite these deliberate limitations, DALI offers significant functionality that goes far beyond the switching and dimming of individual DALI components. For example, constant light control circuits can be set up via brightness sensors and attractive light scenes can be put together, stored and called up again.

In this context, the status feedback from the peripheral DALI components to the central DALI controller is of particular interest. They enable a targeted error diagnosis or the definition of sensible maintenance intervals for ballasts and lamp technology. A two-wire line, as in previous lighting installations, is primarily used as the medium for data transmission. This can be designed either as a separate line or as use of free cores in a power line. In order to ensure that DALI components from different manufacturers can be exchanged, the DALI protocol is standardized internationally in accordance with IEC 929.

Casambi is an intelligent light control system that uses Bluetooth to control LEDs, halogen lamps or conventional light bulbs. The big advantage of Casambi is that entire light scenes can be programmed and automatically switched using a timer.

A linear regulator is a voltage regulator, it stabilizes an electrical voltage as the operating voltage of a circuit in order to compensate for fluctuations in the input voltage.

Basically, an LED structure consists of the following parts:

• Semiconductors, as a source of radiation and heat
• Optics for determining the radiation characteristics
• Various connection technologies as electrical and thermally conductive components of the chip
• Submount/PCB for heat dissipation
• Housing as a protective function

The appearances of faults in the LED can be divided into several main groups. First, there are catastrophic failures, which are complete or temporary interruptions caused by the chip or faults in the electrical path. The interruption can be caused by mechanical overload and chemical or thermal processes. Another type of catastrophic failure is an electrical short circuit. Electrical overload and silver growth play a role here.

Degradation failures are changes in the optical, electrical or thermal characteristics or a combination of several, with the "light reduction" of the LED being the most obvious degradation. In reality, however, the decrease in light is preceded by other changes in the various parameters. Degradation often precedes total failure. A special type of degradation failures are reversible processes caused by current or other stress. These errors can be caused by specific tests, such as a temperature change test, and can thus be selected.

Examples can be:

• electrical interruption
• bond wire detachment
• Bond wire detachment due to mechanical influences
• Bond wire detachment due to chemical influences
• Electrical short circuit
• Short circuit caused by overload
• Short circuit due to ESD damage
• degradation
• ESD damage
• chip aging
• Excessive junction temperature

Source: https://www.elektroniknet.de/automotive/wirtschaft/Manifesto-und-causes-of-led-errors.87432.html

Flicker is the so-called flickering of a lamp. The flickering is caused by the fact that our mains voltage feeds the electronic ballast (operating device) with a frequency of 50 Hz, causing the current to change strength 100 times per second. Thus, maximum brightness or luminance is always at maximum amplitude, regardless of polarity in the case of an incandescent lamp.

Another possibility is flicker caused by Pulse Width Modulation, PWM for short. PWM is the basic idea of ​​today's dimmers. In principle, the dimming of lights is done by switching them on and off extremely quickly in the millisecond range, which is not visible to the human eye. In these processes, frequency-related delays occur which can appear as flickering.

A dimmer is nothing more than a controller that regulates the current or voltage. However, there are delays in the millisecond range in the rules. We perceive this delay as flickering in the LEDs.

In converters, it is a quality feature of the built-in capacitors. If these are of low value, the time in which the polarity of the AC voltage changes cannot be adequately bridged and a so-called flicker occurs during the polarity transition.

Casambi is an intelligent lighting control system that uses Bluetooth to control LEDs, halogen lamps or conventional light bulbs. The big advantage of Casambi is that entire light scenes can be programmed and switched automatically using a timer.

Source https://www.lightim.de/lightim-magazin/was-ist-eigentlich-casambi

The threshold voltage (also diffusion voltage) is the most important parameter of a diode. The threshold voltage indicates the voltage above which a semiconductor diode becomes conductive in the forward direction. This means that a diode in the forward direction is not always conductive, but only above a certain threshold voltage.

It does not matter in which voltage range a diode is located. The anode of the diode only has to be more positive than the cathode by the threshold voltage in the forward direction. The threshold voltage can therefore be seen as a potential.

Source: https://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/bau/0201113.htm

PWM is the abbreviation for Pulse Width Modulation. LEDs are dimmed by a pulse width modulated current or voltage. In principle, the LED is switched on and off very quickly and the number of switching operations is the so-called frequency. LEDs are usually switched or dimmed at a frequency of 200-300 Hz, ie the LED is switched on and off 200-300 times per second. The state "switched on" always means 100% on.

The greater the time between the two switched-on states, i.e. the time in which the LED is switched off, the less light is emitted. The lazy human eye then perceives the LED as dimmed. This is possible because the LED reacts without inertia to being switched on and off, ie it does not glow like the filament of an incandescent lamp, for example.